How Fuel Cells Work Part 1
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HHO Generator Hydrogen
Benefits of Hybrid Cars
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Think of them as big batteries, but ones that only operate when fuel—in this
case, pure hydrogen—is supplied to them. When it is, an electrochemical reaction
takes place between the hydrogen and oxygen that directly converts chemical
energy into electrical energy. Various types of fuel cells exist, but the one
automakers are primarily focusing on for fuel cell cars is one that relies on a
proton-exchange membrane, or PEM. In the generic PEM fuel cell pictured at left,
the membrane lies sandwiched between a positively charged electrode (the
cathode) and a negatively charged electrode (the anode). In the simple reaction
that occurs here rests the hope of engineers, policymakers, and ordinary
citizens that someday we’ll drive entirely pollution-free cars.
Here’s what happens in the fuel cell: When hydrogen gas pumped from the fuel
tanks arrives at the anode, which is made of platinum, the platinum catalyzes a
reaction that ionizes the gas. Ionization breaks the hydrogen atom down into its
positive ions (hydrogen protons) and negative ions (electrons). Both types of
ions are naturally drawn to the cathode situated on the other side of the
membrane, but only the protons can pass through the membrane (hence the name
“proton-exchange”). The electrons are forced to go around the PEM, and along the
way they are shunted through a circuit, generating the electricity that runs the
car’s systems.
Fuel cell flowUsing the two different routes, the hydrogen protons and the
electrons quickly reach the cathode. While hydrogen is fed to the anode, oxygen
is fed to the cathode, where a catalyst creates oxygen ions. The arriving
hydrogen protons and electrons bond with these oxygen ions, creating the two
“waste products” of the reaction—water vapor and heat. Some of the water vapor
gets recycled for use in humidification, and the rest drips out of the tailpipe
as “exhaust.” This cycle proceeds continuously as long as the car is powered up
and in motion; when it’s idling, output from the fuel cell is shut off to
conserve fuel, and the ultracapacitor takes over to power air conditioning and
other components.
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